UNITED NATIONS, CMC – The United Nations designated expert on human rights for Haiti, William O’Neill, is warning that with armed gangs expanding their influence, self-defence groups morphing into gang-like entities, and public officials acting with impunity, Haiti is slowly becoming something like the Wild West.
In an interview with UN News, O’Neill said what is creating conditions akin to the Wild West is desperation, with over 1.3 million Haitians displaced and half of the country going hungry.
He said such conditions make desperation a lived reality.
Nevertheless, O’Neill remains hopeful that the devastation in Haiti can be stopped, but only if the world is willing to commit to it.
At the start of this month, the UN reported that between the beginning of April and the end of June, armed violence in Haiti killed 1,520 people and injured 609 more. These numbers are similar to those from the first quarter of 2025, when 1,617 people were killed and 580 were injured.
“I have never met a gang leader. I have met some young boys who were in a gang, who the police had arrested,” O’Neill said, adding that one of the boys interviewed was about 12, and he was a street child.
O’Neill said his family had abandoned him and he was living on his wits, stealing, begging. And at one point, a gang member approached him and said, “We’ll give you a hot meal a day. We’ll give you some money every week, but you’re going to be a lookout.”
O Neill said that the boy did that for several months, until the police caught on, and then they arrested him.
“The others we interviewed had similar stories of deep poverty, total lack of options, and lack of hope. The gangs in many areas, believe it or not, present something that looks good.”
O’Neill described as “hell on earth” the most recent report on human rights, which had many heart-wrenching examples.
“Every day I’m getting information, and people describe to me just how horrible it is. It’s like a mafia, a criminal mafia that lives off the population. I’ve never seen anything like it. The impact of violence on economic, social, and cultural rights, in addition to the right to life, the right to bodily integrity, and the right to access to food, health care, clean water, shelter, education, has all been severely compromised.”
He mentioned that one of the most frustrating aspects of his work is engaging in conversations with people in Port-au-Prince.
“The humanitarian people sometimes have a bag of rice to give them, which I don’t. It’s hard. We emphasize the importance of accurately portraying what is happening. Part of it is the advocacy role, so that we can convey to the policymakers this is what’s happening.
“At some point, we hope that the perpetrators will face justice. But we can’t make false promises. We emphasize the importance of setting the record straight and fighting impunity, a significant issue in Haiti. It’s often been the case that people have gotten away with murder, and a country can’t survive like that. ”
The recent report singled out the public prosecutor in Miragoâne as someone who killed upwards of 80 people with total “impunity,” and the UN human rights official said that instead of eroding trust in the government, “the population takes the opposite view,” and that prosecutor “is extremely popular.
“He is seen as standing up to the gangs, as keeping people safe.” I have raised his case with two different ministers of justice during my visits. I said, “You can’t have this. You can’t have a prosecutor who’s executing people.” They nod their heads, saying they know about it, but because he is so popular, people are afraid to confront him.
“Why is he popular? It’s because the institutions have failed. It’s this vicious cycle that, as long as the institutions are still so weak, you have the Wild West like in old American movies, where the sheriff is the judge, jury, and executioner, all in one. And that’s why you also have the self-defence groups.”
Asked if the self-defence groups are also popular, O’Neill said it depends.
“The groups are quite controversial. In some cases, the groups start acting like gangs; they will demand money and get very violent. If you’re a young man that they don’t recognise and have a tattoo or don’t have ID, they will kill the person on the spot and burn the body.”
The report also noted that the security forces are using drones more and more to target the gangs, and O’Neill said “desperation” has led the government to start using drones now.
“The gang leaders are ensconced in very well-protected, well-guarded areas. It’s physically very hard for an under-resourced national police and a Kenyan-led multinational force to grab a gang leader.
“Human rights problems are pretty serious with this approach. Haiti is not technically an armed conflict. Police are only allowed to use deadly force in minimal circumstances when their own lives are in danger, when a third party’s life is in danger, or they have no other option.
“And that’s a problem — the gang leader, throughout his tenure as a gang leader, is posing a threat, but at that moment, is he threatening the police officer or a third party? And are there other methods you could still try that are not lethal?
“I find it hard to see how you meet those conditions with these drones. They call them kamikaze drones. They just send them in, and they hope that when it explodes, it kills a gang leader,” O’Neill added.
Asked whether there is hope for Haiti’s future, O’Neill responded by saying, “Haiti is not a lost cause.
“It’s doable. It’s not easy; if it were, it would have happened by now. But the Security Council has identified three key steps: a multinational force that’s fully equipped, sanctions, and stopping the flow of weapons from the United States.
“And if you did all those three things at once, with robustness, you would be able to overcome the gangs fairly quickly because they’re not popular. The people hate them.
“When I look at Sudan or Gaza or Ukraine, I sometimes just throw up my hands. But in Haiti, we can do this if we do what’s already authorized by the Security Council,” O’Neill told UN News.
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